Glossary

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National Qualifications Framework-The single description, at national level or level of an education system, which is internationally understood and through which all qualifications and other learning achievements in higher education may be described and related to each other in a coherent way and which defines the relationship between higher education qualifications (Report, Dec.2004 Ch.2.1, p.14). Qualifications frameworks bridge the world of higher education and the world of work. Such frameworks employ clear reference points (learning outcomes, subject reference points/benchmark statements, levels/cycle descriptors, workload, qualifications descriptors) and provide a context for qualifications with regard to the nature, function and skills that they certify.
Source: Bergen Ministers' Meeting Glossary http://www.bologna-bergen2005.no/

National Vocational Qualification (NVQ)-A qualification based on national standards, defining skills, knowledge and understanding needed at work. Intended for people aged 16 and over.

negotiated learning-Learning approach whereby teacher/tutor and individual learners jointly decide how the learning tasks and outcomes will best be achieved, taking into consideration the specific needs of the learner.

non-formal learning-Encompasses both informal learning (unplanned learning in work situations and elsewhere)but also includes planned and explicit approaches to learning introduced in work organisations and elsewhere, not recognised within the formal education and training systems.
Source: Copenhagen Process documentation http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/2010/vocational_en.html

norm-referencing-The process of assessment by making a comparison with average levels of achievement, i.e., by ranking performance without assigning absolute measures.

notional learning time-The amount of time the average/atypical learner at a specified level may be expected to take to achieve the stated outcomes. Some learners may take more/less time than others.